Leather jackets of metasheets

The jacket «biker jacket» from a black skin or her substitute, with set of fasteners - of "lightnings" obliquely, tops and a belt, was used by rockers from time immemorial. Punks add to her rivets and put on bracelets and collars with brilliant thorns. Such jacket can close and from a wind and a rain. And from surrounding such thorns not bad protect. Косуха looks so awfully only outside. From within she it is perfect another. Choosing such jacket, it is necessary to pay attention to a lining. If she isn't present, in a jacket will be cold. And if is — in such jacket it is possible to sleep somewhere on a small bench in park, having pulled it on a head. Very conveniently! To this jacket high black boots and jeans rely, to cut her or to pierce pins it is not necessary. Thorns and rivets — here that should be on her. Often on a jacket put drawings a bright paint. Together with косухой punks carry loose overalls — too with drawings.

Freedom and force

All bikers know that such «косуха», but not all know whence she undertook and why. In 50-s' years, during the amerikansko-Korean war, pilots of planes carried кожанные jackets because the plane was strongly thought over and was very cold and is windy:) . Then she, of course, wasn't called косухой. The name most likely has gone from the form of a snake which is clasped from the left hip to the right shoulder — obliquely. After war many pilots, people thirsting скорост ии freedom, have changed on the baizes at that time popular in America Harley Davidson. At that time косуха also became a symbol байкерского movements, his integral part. In due course to a jacket сталди to attach any club symbolics, thorns and т.д … In results we have received modern косуху. On сегоднящний day exist косухи not only байкерские, but also for all comers who wants выглядить stylishly and beautifully, for children and women. There is a great lot various косух, the most various breed and color, as it is known косуха has traditional black color, but you can find any another with ease. Косуха differs a considerable quantity a pocket that happens it is very practical and it is useful. Bajkersky trousers, бандана it is excellent соичетаются with косухой. On сегоднящний day косуха is something more than simply jacket. It is a symbol of freedom and speed, confidence and force. Any in косухе will feel itself(himself) more strongly and more confidently.

Headbanger it is good people!

Metalheds (металхэды or металеры) is the youth subculture inspired by music in style metal, appeared in 1970th years. Subculture widespread in northern Europe, it is wide enough — in northern America, there is a significant amount of her representatives in southern America, southern Europe and Japan. In the Near East, except for Israel and Turkey, metalheds (as well as many other "nonconformists") are small and are exposed to prosecution. The name the Word «Metalheds» — Russian, derivative of a word "metal" with addition of the borrowed Latin suffix "-ist". Initially it meant workers of the metalwork industry, "tinmen". Metalheds in value «the admirer of heavy metal» has become current in the late eighties. In English language analog of Russian «металлист» is metalhead — «Metalheds», «mad about metal». Metalheds also name slangy words headbanger — «головотряс» and mosher — "pushed", in соответстии with behavior of fans at concerts. In each language arise derivative of word Metal for a designation of his admirers. In Spanish — Metalero, in Italian — Metallaro, in Finnish — Hevari (from a word «Heavy»), in Polish - Metalowcy.

Outlook and way of life Unlike subcultures of Goths and panks, the subculture metalheds is deprived strongly pronounced ideology and concentrated, basically, round music. Nevertheless, there are some lines which are considered characteristic for representatives of subculture. Texts of metal bands propagandize independence, independence and self-trust, a cult of "strong personality". The relation to religion variously, but traditionally is considered that metalheds aren't religious. Despite an abundance of religious and occult mysticism in texts of metal bands, they as a rule don't carry missionary character and are perceived by admirers as allegory. Among admirers blek-threw there are pagans and Satanists, but for admirers of other versions it is uncharacteristic. In a press there were the researches asserting that intellectual level metalheds can be high enough, and the hobby for metal can be an intelligence sign. Among metalheds the fantastic and mystical literature (G.Lavkraft, J is popular. Tolkien, F.Herbert, U.Burrows, etc.), mythology (especially Scandinavian). Old communication of culture metalheds with culture of bikers is known. Motorcycles and speed in general are sung by metal bands as a force and independence symbol, therefore a motorcycle hobby is extended among metalheds. In turn, among bikers the heavy-metal is the most popular music. Group Judas Priest began to use for the first time a motorcycle, as one of the symbols. Metalheds don't associate with the use of drugs, but are considered inclined to alcohol intake (Beer).

Subcultures - Metalworkers

Metal

Metal, it is one of the biggest "informal" subcultures.
Once upon a time it was heavy music fad a few music fans, the entertainment elite intellectuals ... and even a momentary fad Gopnik. Today, listening to heavy music, almost everything. Now this is a very rich musical seam, some components of which have nothing in common except the typical "overloaded" sound. "Gravity" today - equal, modern, advanced course, is not no underground, no not rebellion, as has happened before.
Where did they come

The history of heavy music - it is primarily the story of "dirty" sound. That gave rise to the modern guitar music rock 'n' roll, they know everything, but it is known that up to about the early 60's supercharged rock guitarists sound was not used. It was believed that the electric guitar should sound like normal - just a louder, brighter and juicier. Any distortion of the background, or perceived as a marriage when you configure the sound.

Gradually, with the development of sound reinforcement and guitar techniques, guitarists innovators are experimenting with handles volume and frequency of their instruments and "amps". This, in turn, led to changes in playing techniques.

Accompanying the groups also began to adjust to the new sounds and techniques, and then the guitar gradually came to the fore, and not very noticeable from the accompanying instrument into a prom queen, pushing sometimes vocalist.
Metal

The term itself, which often represent the whole "gravity" - metal - came from areas of the music quite far. For the first time in a cultural context, the phrase heavy metal used in the novel «Naked Lunch» (1959), the legendary William S. Burroughs. He named as a tough, aggressive, assertive music (the fact that even during World War II on American soldiers' jargon heavy metal meant artillery fire).

In 1968 the guys from the famous American band Steppen Wolf in the song «Born to be wild», too, singing «I like ... heavy metal thunder »- and though the song had in mind the thunder, like the firing of guns, and later it became regarded as a manifesto:" I love when the heavy metal thunder. " And so after a music reviewer for the journal «Creem» Lester Bengz used in the article, the phrase heavy metal, this band definitely has the designation of a new musical direction. Clarification of «heavy» died out in the end, but the essence of something left. All musicians of this style, and their fans began to call themselves metalworkers and soon formed his own musical subculture.

Fans of heavy metal rock music (heavy metal rock), black metal rock music (black metal rock), rock metal speed (speed metal rock) - all of them - metal.

Some metal-professed cult of Satan, calling themselves satanists, but it is rather rare. The current generation of metal-free life is like at your pleasure. They believe that owe nothing to other people, go to concerts, which can drink alcohol, and then arrange fights. The movement of the metal can be divided into two groups: a radical and more calm. To include radical-metal Satanists and particularly aggressive group. They are often adjacent to the punks, because they are impressed by the cult of violence, the spirit of rebellion and denial, as well as the opportunity to make fun of the weak.

To the metal adjacent to a group of teenagers who like rock music, costume Neformal. The older and more experienced do not take them seriously, but these young and old, experienced, metal, aged 35-40 years, crossed the border, are a more steady flow. Among young people, of course, there are metal, which superficially versed in the problems of metallic rock, behave with others is very provocative and aggressive. As a rule, they live, and after them, arrange small disturbances, jump on the stage, throwing the empty cans and bottles of beer.
Appearance

Their external appearance defiantly aggressive: black clothes with lots of metal, depicting skulls, blood, and the words "Satan" in English. Although the clothing is clean, neat. Classic metal wear tight black jeans tucked into high boots, or "Cossacks" leather jacket with zipper slash - "leather jackets", "kosovoroty" earrings in her left ear, rings depicting skulls or other black magic symbols (pentagram, skeleton, etc . etc.), but their external aggression and moodiness are often a means of shocking people around them. Those who are over 25 years, engaged in serious work, usually peaceful, but sometimes can make a row, along with those who are younger.

In a medium metal is true connoisseurs of heavy rock. They are peaceful, are not attracted to attributes, well versed in musical trends, not only modern but also classical music. Most metalworkers are bikers, which will be discussed later.

Music in the style of Meta

Metal as a genre emerged in the early 1970s, mainly in Britain and the United States. In our time it is distributed worldwide and has many ramifications.

Metal music has become a cultural phenomenon that has spread beyond music. Theme songs, philosophy, lifestyle, image musicians and their fans have become an important feature of modern culture.

Heavy music, on the one hand, it is a part of modern mass culture, on the other hand, is positioned as a counterweight to it. Many groups, especially representatives of the traditional types of metal, had great success in the mass audience. They became the winners of the music awards, such as "Grammy", and gave concerts in front of an audience of thousands. Their songs have participated with success in many of the charts and their videos demonstrating channel MTV.

Like most rock music, metal, ideologically opposes the pop-culture. Many fans of the metal groups condemn the commercialization and frowned upon looking at their involvement in show business.

The peak of his popularity reached the metal in the 1980s. At various times he gave way to the popularity of punk rock, new wave, grunge and alternative rock, but unlike them are not experienced jumps and falls, while maintaining a sufficiently large army of fans.

Most metal-written texts in English. Even those groups for which this language is not native (German and Scandinavian), resorted to him to have students understand their songs. Nevertheless, the songs in their native languages ​​of different countries are not so rare. The majority of Russian, Polish, and Japanese bands sing in their native languages, focusing on the domestic audience.

Metal bands of different genres often appeal to science fiction, mythology, literary horror. However, much of the lyrics of metal bands is drawn to the more traditional rock music matter: love life, freedom, war. Despite the outward aggressiveness, lyrics metal bands is probably an element of style and image, not a call to violence. The musicians and their fans usually refer to the texts with due irony.

Metal and religion (we are not Satanists.)

The relationship of heavy music, and organized religion has always been difficult. The texts of some metal bands, their image and aesthetics are often irritated by the conservative community, and including religious leaders. The press regularly publish articles accusing the metal in promoting Satanism, suicide and violence.

With the advent of extreme forms of heavy music, and there was a new ideology. Performers black metal, unlike members of other genres, really were the carriers of radical ideology, opposed to Christianity.
Every religion, from their point of view, is a means of controlling the masses. Most often this theme in the work group met thrash metal.

There are also many artists whose lyrics contain a positive outlook on Christianity. There is a subgenre of Christian metal. It is a kind of rock music on the theme of Christianity. Groups of Christian rock lyrics sing about God, faith and soul, and usually consist of inchurched Christians. Christian rock is allocated solely on the texts, he does not have its musical characteristics, and can run on a variety of techniques for rock music.

Style of music Metal

Metal style of music has a large number of different areas and genres, from relatively "light" (the classic heavy metal, power metal) to a very "heavy" and imperceptible to most untrained listeners (death metal, black metal, etc. .)

Introduced in the early 70s of the 20th century, the metal has come a long way of development and branching. Starting in the '70s as a single style (heavy metal), metal music reached its peak of popularity in the '80s, and then gave birth to their more extreme forms. In the 90 years of metal went through a period of mixing with other genres of music and the process continues to the present time. Currently, there are more than a dozen major subgenres of metal, and even more mixed, and regional variations.

Over time, increasingly complex and high-speed solos and riffs became the signs of a variety of styles with the development of metal. Guitarists use tapping and other techniques of high-speed game. Most areas require a metal virtuoso playing on instruments and almost extreme vocal performance.

Many bands use keyboards in the arrangement. This is characteristic of groups in such genres as progressive metal and symphonic metal. There are examples of innovative use of cello, violin, flute, saxophone, and even folk instruments in metal instrumentov.Takie play the role of the arrangements and are not fundamental.

The meaning of the lyrics and the ideological direction often varies from one direction to another, while there is some commonality. For all areas of metal is characterized by abstraction, pathetic, appeal to the fantastic and allegorical themes, mythology, literature, horror. For most sub-genres is characteristic of a strong personality cult, belligerence and aggression. However, much of the metal bands of texts drawn to the more traditional matter - freedom, love life, war.

With the advent of extreme forms of heavy music, and there was a new ideology. Performers black metal, unlike members of other genres, were carriers of radical ideology and anti-Christianity. Rejecting the traditional religion, black metal musicians became supporters and even the preachers of the new religious movements: Satanism, neo-paganism.


In contrast to the black metal, in other genres is not shaped by religious ideology. More than that, many of the texts in their stated opposition to any organized religion as such, traditional or not. Every religion, from their point of view, there is a management tool by the masses. In particular, this subject is often encountered in the work of groups of thrash metal.

There is also a considerable number of artists whose lyrics contain a positive outlook on Christianity. There is a subgenre of Christian metal, which the performers - believers inchurched Christians - sing songs about faith and God

Geographical distribution of styles of uniform. On different continents and in different countries vary widely popular styles, and in the east, particularly in Islamic countries, the public and the antagonism of heavy music is much more - a lot of bands and styles, there is simply not allowed.

History of metal

Previously, heavy music was a hobby of some music fans, the entertainment elite intellectuals, and even a small hobby Gopnik. Now listen to many of heavy music. Today it is a very rich musical seam, a few elements which do not have in common with each other, except for the characteristic "overloaded" sound. "Gravity" now fashionable, equitable, comprehensive course, no not rebellion, not underground, as had happened before. The history of heavy metal music, especially the history of "dirty" sound. Everyone knows that modern guitar music gave birth to rock 'n' roll, but few know that before the beginning of the 60s was not used to the sound of an overloaded rock guitarists. It was believed that an electric guitar should sound like a regular guitar, only louder, brighter and juicier. Any distortion or background sound when you set up perceived as a marriage. With the development of sound reinforcement and guitar techniques, guitarists innovators began experimenting with handles frequency and volume of his "amps" and the tools. This resulted in changes in playing techniques. Accompanying the groups began to adjust to the new sounds and techniques, when the guitar came to the first plan and turned into a prom queen, or even closing the vocalist.

Fans of heavy metal rock, speed metal rock, black metal rock, all of them - metal. Modern metal-like to live happily. It is believed that owe nothing to other people, go to concerts where they can drink alcohol, and then arrange fights. The movement of the metal can be divided into two groups: a more peaceful and radical. By the radical movement are particularly aggressive group and the metal-Satanists. Adjacent to the metal are a group of teenagers who like to dress Neformal and rock music. The more experienced group of them seriously do not perceive the experienced, old, metal workers, aged 35-40 years of age account for more than a steady flow. Among youth, there are metal workers, who understand the problems of metallic rock, with others are very aggressive and defiant. They live rioted, throwing empty cans, beer bottles and jumping on stage. Their style is defiantly aggressive: black clothes with lots of metal, the image of the blood, skulls, labeled "Satan." But the clothes neat and clean.

Classic metal wear black skinny jeans tucked into high boots, earring in left ear, leather jacket with zipper slash, rings featuring skulls and other magical characters. Their outer darkness and aggression often serve as a means of shocking people around them. Those who are already over 25 years, engaged in serious work, usually peaceful, but sometimes it can make a row with those who are younger. Among the metal is a true connoisseurs of heavy rock. They are not fond of attributes, peaceful, well-versed in contemporary music styles, as well as classical music. Most metalworkers are Baker.

Styles metal.

Today in heavy music, there are many different styles and trends ...

Heavy Metal-In fact, the very "heavy metal" is just a subsection of the metal lines. Its not easy to distinguish from its closest relatives Speed ​​and Thrash Metal. Apparently, it is remarkable that in no way remarkable, and to this section include groups that are not very well meet the criteria of the two sections are analyzed below, but, nevertheless, similar to nimi.Iz groups belonging to this style can be called a Judas Priest and Iron Maiden.

Speed ​​Metal - The style is characterized by a high speed performance and frequent guitar solo. This style is the most demanding technique. The most famous group - Helloween, Gamma Ray.

Thrash Metal - The speed of execution is similar to Speed ​​Metal, but it tends to be more jerky sound (staccato). Examples - the cult in Russia, Metallica, early Blind Guardian, and Megadeth, Testament, and the like.

Black Metal - Looks like Speed ​​and Thrash, but the guitars purposely blurred that ozdaet "buzzing" sound. In addition, always with brutal vocals (growling) vocals.

If you Grindcore-to be precise, it is not metal at all, but ekstpemalny punk. Are valid, it is heavier and gipeptpofipovanno ubystpenny gitapny hapdkop with pevuschim vocals and crazy rhythms. Quickly to myzyka, kopotkie songs, wild rhythms, pevyschy vocals. The Founding Fathers - Napalm Death, also made a special contribution to Extreme Noise Terror, Carcass (Early), Brutal Truth, Exit 13, Bolt Thrower. For more info about these distinct groups and their diskogpafiyah should smotpet to grind / noise-CORE list and Deathgrind Metal List.

Vicing metal-Unique of its features - pomposity and bombast, high myzykalnost, ppisutstvie Folk-napodnyh chants and songs staponopvezhskom language (but this is optional :) So the same theme song is not clear antihpistianskuyu The direction and describes staponopvezhsky epic. Haibolee known agents from the Viking-metal: Well, naturally I mentioned Bettopi. Then there are the two Enslaved albums ppekpasnymi Frost (94) & Eld (97). Thus, it is worth noting the new Menhir of groups with the debut of '97, and Helheim (96). Further there are also intepesno team - Falkenbach (96 & 97) Einherjer (All disks). Yet it may be noted genesis of yet another style - Barbarian Metal, but still excepting one team igpayuschey in this style, I do I can not add. Although Bal-Sagoth otllichnaya team, if not remarkable.

Power Metal-is oblegchenny, ppichesanny, ydobpenny tunes kpasivymi gitapnymi solos and usually high-pitched (high and clear voice) singer interchangeable version Speed ​​Metal.Viptyoznaya data obtained gitapistov (often gpyppe two-lidep gitapista). Most teams in their evolution ppotsesse departed from the canonical Speed ​​Metal and started igpat Power. Agents from Yapkie-Helloween "Keeper ... P.1", "Keeper ... P.2", Scanner, Gamma Ray, and t.d.Ppivilegiyu in this style are the German team. Hy, and of course nyzhno ypomyanyt father mastermind of the German speed / power metal Kai Hansen (ex-Helloween [guitar, vocals], Gamma Ray [guitar, vocals]).

Doom Metal-usually a slow, mournful and mrachnyy.Chasto with brutal vocals. Characterized by the significant role of keyboards and some other more exotic metal instruments, violins, flutes and t.p.Gruppy-My Dying Bride, Tiamat.El-ementy Doom Metal is also in the Black Sabbath albums of the early period and the second half of the '90s.

Death Metal-even faster and more severe than Thrash and Speed, vocals, typically brutalnyy.Stil is the most difficult for the unprepared listener and less melodic. As an example of Death and Edge of Sanity

Glam metal (glam-metal)-a type of metal, representing his poporientirovannoe krylo.Poyavlenie glam-metal refers to the first half of the '80s ....

Slassic Doom Metal-only neagpessivny, nebpytalny, nebystpy style metal myzyki.Eto slow deppessivnaya, mpachnaya myzyka, which was then called the metal pozhalyy just because SOME mortgaged tyazhesti.Pepvoppohodtsami dyma be considered as pure as the band Candlemass and St.Vitus, and the inspiration- Black Sabbath and, again, Celtic Frost. However, in its pure form is now dropped into this myzyky ppakticheski no igpaet, in contrast to the Death-Doom'a. Also from the derivates syschestvyet style of merging black and doom metal - it's called dark metal. You can call such bandykak Katatonia, Alastis, Bethlehem, Rotting Christ, Samael.

Progressive - Perhaps the most interesting trend in the metal. His counterpart in non-metallic rock is a rock-art-rock with complex structures, a lot of melodic and rhythmic decisions, calling the analogy with the classics, and often is a direct potomkom.Progressive different from the art-rock, more emphasis on rhythm, and, naturally, metallic sound. Groups of this genre use a wide range of instrumentov.Klavishnye, unlike Doom, used for solos, not just to create the background. A more rich sound violin, and sometimes even used a symphony orchestra and choir. Sample-Queensryche, Late Savatage, Dream Theater, Angra, Therion, some of Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin.

Gothic Metal-can be regarded as a special case of a mixture of Doom and Progressive. Analogy can be traced to the medieval muzykoy.Krayne pessimistic, sad mood. The most famous and probably the best team - Lacrimosa.

This is the main direction of the so-called "pure" metal. However, you can often find something like metal, but they are not being, such as these:

Metallized Hard Rock (Hard'n'Heavy)-is much softer than Heavy Metal, at least technically, with much more emphasis on rhythm. Paradoxically, often vyglyaddichnym than his older brothers of metal, particularly unprepared for a slushateit meloley. Examples - Accept, AC / DC, ZZ Top, Scorpions. (Hard Rock - music for a song with a distinct direction of rhythm. Characteristic features: the mandatory presence of the bass and drums made at pervyyplan and riff (t.e.mnogokratno performing the same piece of music) guitar. Group - Cream , Jimi Hendrix).

Metallized Glam Rock - Similar to the previous style, but more teatralizovan.I although groups such as Black Sabbath and King Diamond are also included in their concerts are the elements of theater, it is Glam Rock Metal obliged emergence of the myth of terrible behavior of the metal on the stsene.Ochen borrowed a lot from this direction Alice Cooper, for example, performed with a boa around his neck, poured the blood of this people and all t.p.Takzhe izvestfanatov and liked to use in their submissions, attributes such as the skull, black mask, or rather "war paint" artists Kiss. However, these groups can be called only metal with a huge stretch. Glam Rock-rock with more emphasis on the show than the music. Most of their primitive musical soderzhaniyu.Primer? group Smokie. However, there are pearls of his great original band Queen, David Bowie, as well as the album Alice Cooper "Welcome to my Nightmare").

Soft Metal - pure profanity. Use only metal paraphernalia, really well executed grandiose ballad-oriented Hard Rock. A striking example is the flow of Def Leppard and Europe.

"Okolometallicheskie" manifestations - often non-metallic in the whole group in their repertoire include songs, not just the metal to form, but even with a "metal" mood. This is common for groups of King Crimson, Uriah Heep, early Queen and many others.

Sometimes taking the metal to metal styles have little resemblance. The most common are:

Punk - The style that is building in the principle of an inability to play and putting in front of the only goal is to challenge society. Example - Sex Pistols.

Grunge-What-is similar to Punk and Black Metal, but usually this style of play better than punk, but worse than blekmetalicheskie. Guitar solos are not very technical and unconvincing. Examples - Nirvana, Soundgarden.

Alternative - Commercial form of Punk. More "smooth" and more bombastic.

Rockers and metalheds — similarities and differences

Metalheds:                                 
Their external a kind causing, aggressive: black clothes with a metal considerable quantity, the image of skulls, blood, an inscription "Satan" in English. Though clothes pure, tidy. Classical металлисты carry the narrow black jeans filled in high boots or «козаки», leather jackets with a slanting lightning — «косухи», «косовороты», earrings in the left ear, rings with the image of skulls or other black magic symbols (a pentagram, a skeleton and etc.) But their external aggression and gloom are means of shocking of surrounding people more often. What for 25 years, are engaged in serious work, as a rule, миролюбивы though can sometimes engage in hooliganism together with those who is younger. Some  metalheds profess a cult of a Satan, name itself Satanists, but it is faster a rarity. The modern generation  metalheds loves free life in the pleasure. They consider that are obliged by nothing to other people, go on concerts (on which can drink spirits, and after to arrange fights). Metal movement can be divided into 2 groups: radical and quieter. Metallisty-Satanists concern the radical and especially aggressive groups. They are adjoined often by punks as they are imposed by a cult of violence, spirit of rebelliousness and negation, and also possibility to mock at the weak. To metalheds groups of teenagers to which like a rock music, a suit of the nonconformist adjoin. Senior and more skilled them seriously don't perceive, but these teenagers and old, skilled, metalheds which age has outpassed 35—40 years, make themselves quieter current. Among youth, of course, exist such metalheds which superficially understand problems of metal fate, behave with associates very much defiantly and aggressively. As a rule, they at concerts and after them suit small disorders, jump on a scene, throw empty jars and bottles from under beer. In metalheds environment there are real experts and judges of a heavy rock. They миролюбивы, aren't fond of attributes, well understand musical directions not only modern, but also classical music.

Rockers:

In general, movement of rockers as those, has appeared for the first time in the mid-sixties in the USA and England. Circle of rockers — basically youth from 13 till 30 years, dissatisfied with foundations of a society and wishing «to change the world». More often, it were natives of the unsuccessful families deprived of the state. The clothes of rockers had an atypical appearance (the then): a leather jacket with every possible badges and inscriptions, a feed bag (a backpack from the rough fabric, tightened, as a bag, a rope from above), worn grated jeans. Among rockers as then, and courage which then associated with a loud voice, obscene speech and a rough manner of behavior now is underlined. Rockers gave special value to motorcycles and driving. Coolest at whom the motorcycle and at whom more experience of driving is more expensive were considered. One more subculture — bikers from here follows. Clubs, bars and pothouses — were considered as favourite vacation spots of rockers. Rockers rather took a jaundiced view of those subcultures which didn't accept a similar way of life. Metalheds and rockers are, as a matter of fact, one subculture. Simply rockers listen to less "heavy" music, and in their appearance there is less than metal and a skin. The rocker can look, for example, so: the jeans filled in high boots, a black shirt and a chain suspended on a black belt. But in the rest at metal and fate music one roots so I have considered possible to unite these two subcultures. 

Fashion

The typical fashion among many металлистов can be described so: the Typical belt металлистаДлинные hair at men the Leather jacket «косуха», a leather waistcoat. Black T-shirts or loose overalls with a logo of favourite metal group. Напульсники — leather bracelets with rivets and-or (flogging) thorns, шипастые, проклёпанные belts, chains on jeans. Stripes — Stripes on clothes and other surrounding subjects with images of favourite metal bands. Heavy footwear — "Camelots", «гриндерсы», «мартинсы», «стилы», "reptiles", usual high boots. Short boots with chains — "Cossacks". Shoes (as a rule, sharp-nosed, "Gothic" штиблеты). Jeans (usually dark blue or black), leather trousers. The chains fastening on a belt. Robert HelfordV of 80th years the fashion in the metal world was in many respects defined by popularity of glem-metal, that is in her there were many "color" things like white, «тигровых» and тп. Leather jackets, white кросовок, but in the late eighties the beginning 90 more "severe" extended until now was generated and finally practical, suitable for carrying «in a life» clothes by a principle «black джинса plus косуха». However the clothes aren't the basic attribute of representatives of the given subculture. Among admirers of heavy music it is a lot of those who is indifferent, ironic, and even negatively concerns "dress-code" accepted in a party, but thus is interested in directly musical component not less. Singer Rob Helford who in the end of 1978 at concerts of group Judas Priest began to put on in leather clothes with metal ornaments has entered the similar form of clothes English металлист. Recently even more often the various army camouflage began to get into clothes металлистов. Such things as camouflage army trousers and shorts which rush together with the black T-shirt having a logo of one of metal commands are especially favourite. But it is not necessary to confuse металлистов with риветами as the camouflage is a basic element of clothes of many индустриальщиков. As modern металлисты carry безпальцовки (leather gloves with the cut off fingers), it is frequent into gloves insert rivets or thorns. Gesture Characteristic gesture металлистов, known in Russia as "goat" — the fist thrown up upwards with the unclenched little finger and a forefinger and the directed party of a palm forward. Into use of rockers and металлистов "goat" was entered by singer Ronni Dio (Rainbow, Black Sabbath). Ронни his grandmother, the superstitious Italian has taught this gesture. On memories of Ronni, she put this sign if met gipsies and other suspicious people, and to the grandson обьясняла that it protects from «malocchio», "evil eye". In a classical, medieval variant of "goat" for protection against harm average, anonymous and a thumb were compressed together. Дио showed "goat" thus. Modern металлисты basically do gesture "incorrectly": the thumb doesn't nestle on another, and remains is exposed aside. Such gesture means «I Love You» in the American sign language. Металлисты in the USSR and Russia In 80-s' years of the XX-th century in Moscow, Leningrad and other big cities of the USSR there were first admirers of the foreign groups playing "metal" and carrying corresponding attributes. They tested on themselves pressure from militia, and also from representatives of informal movement люберов and another marginal хулиганствующей the youth, trying by means of fists to correct musical predilections металлистов. The Soviet official propagation negatively reacted to occurrence of the new subculture which have come from the West. Concerts passed illegally, music of foreign executors of "metal" didn't sound neither by radio, nor from television screens, records and on legal carriers didn't extend. Admirers brought граммпластики from abroad and duplicated them on recorder cartridges. In the same years in Moscow there were the first Soviet musical collectives playing "metal": "metal Corrosion", "Legion", "Э.С.Т." "Black coffee", "the Black obelisk", "Aria", "Master". The peak of a wave of a mass fashion on "metal" has had on second half 80ых years of the XX-th century. On the Moscow rock festival of the world in Luzniki in August, 1989 for the first time to Russia there have arrived the western groups, in particular, Motley Crue, Cinderella and Ozzy Osbourne. He has collected for 2 days more than 100 000 spectators, all income of festival (nearby $1 000 000) has been listed in Fund of struggle against a narcotism. In 1991 in Tushinsky airdrome in Moscow group Metallica for the first time has acted. The concert became event of year. MetallicaВ the XXI-st century beginning in Russia exist as "металлисты" various age - from mature to youth and children, and group playing this style. By results of poll of 1000 teenagers spent in 2007, 5 percent from them have answered that listen to "metal" and other rock music of heavy directions for stress removal.

Who such bikers?

To understand that such байкерская culture, it is necessary to understand, with what all began, to track, as this culture developed. 1868-1900 were an era of formation моторизированного a bicycle. The first mention of a motorcycle concerns 1868 - then the Frenchman by name of Louis Perot has constructed model which named Velocipede. Velocipede represented a bicycle with the steam engine established on him. The creation the Feather has patented on December, 26th, 1868. But really motorcycles began to develop only since 1885 when German Godfreid Daimler has established an internal combustion engine on a bicycle frame. Some times Daimler tested the model, but when once because of malfunction trousers of his son have lit up, he has decided to refuse the idea. He has declared that motorcycles don't have future. Though he also was mistaken concerning motorcycles, his company became in due course one of the largest manufacturers of cars in the world, and now she is known to us, as Mercedes-Benz. Soon after that in USA there were firms which on the foreground put forward working out of motorcycles, among them: Pope, Yale, Excelsior, Indian and Harley-Davidson. Firm Harley has started to work in 1903, and today it is the oldest in the world the manufacturer of motorcycles who continues to work. All байкерская culture follows from culture American. Not so long ago one Frenchman criticized the United States: "America is the lost country, cultural desert, at you, Americans, aren't present any culture in general, the only thing that you have given to the world - a rock'n'roll and Harley-Davidson." In reply to it Peter Fonda, the known actor, the convinced supporter and the representative of company Harley-Davidson has told: "Aha, can, and so, but, besides, it is more than anything and it is not necessary." (Both citations are taken from video American Motorcycle 1993 Daru Films). It is style of life it is necessary to notice that when the inhabitant thinks of bikers, he doesn't have an association from Honda or Ymaha, instead on mind comes Harley-Davidson. All байкерская culture was generated thanking Harley-Davidson. Turmoils Tucker (tattooer) from Washington, district of Columbia, tells about Harley-Davidson the following: "It is style of life, you live him, breathe, think and speak about him, it is one of few inanimate objects, which people so often want to see tattooed on the body." Certainly, Turmoils means that Harley-Davidson and байкерская culture it something such that became a part of that, than you eat that you drink, it with you when you sleep and are awake. It leaves traces on everything about what you speak, and on everything of what you think. Besides, image Harley-Davidson - the most popular tattoo in the world after all well-known a skull and a dagger which also associate with байкерской culture. To be the biker, seemingly, only two things are required: 1. A motorcycle (isn't necessary to be seven spans in a forehead that it to understand). 2. Love to a rock'n'roll. However the biker has a requirement to belong to any group. Bikers don't like to feel separately, as a result they unite in clubs, among which Crox Crue, Hell's Angels, Satan's Sons, Blood Brothers, CMA, King's Men and so on. To enter club not so it is simple, it is necessary to deserve the right to become the clubman and to wear club clothes. Often for this purpose bikers go on various reckless acts. For example, to become a member of one of clubs, the candidate should pass on high speed between two motorcycles rushing towards. There is this all at night, at the candidate the headlight should be switched off, and he is guided only by headlights of counter motorcycles. One of candidates too has late understood that two shone reference points belong not to two motorcycles, and one восемнадцатиколесному to the truck. Than similar dedication for the candidate has ended it is not necessary to explain. But what such - to be a member байкерского club? I have talked to the acquaintance who is the President of local branch of club Crox Crue in Kempton Park." To be the clubman, means to be free from rules, to do that is pleasant to you and when it you want it. To be the clubman, means to prove the courage or feminity, to struggle for freedom which is assumed by road. To be the clubman, means to communicate with people who think the same as also you, to participate in club райдах and actions. It is freedom to express such uniquely which approaches for you. "Wherever there was a biker, he always remains to those whom he is - the biker. Bikers never try to make impression of the person belonging to any other subculture. They don't try to conduct themselves, being arranged under others, bikers - always bikers, and this key rule to which they руководствуются.David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills and Nash) speaks:" For me to go by a motorcycle is a way to keep mind when all other world, seemingly, goes mad. You completely concentrate only on yourself both on road, and to such moments all the rest loses any meaning. "Style of life is also the constant risk. Late Malcolm Forbes (the multimillionaire who posessed magazine Forbes) has told once about dangers which are comprised by life of the biker:" It is impossible to live life, completely having insured itself from danger, life is dangerous in itself, sooner or later die all. "On his tomb the inscription is cut:" While he was live, he lived "(just in case: it hasn't broken on the motorcycle). Image of the biker When we hear a word "the biker", the first associations which are born - the rebel, hatred, racism, cruelty. Such image of the biker is created at the average person. When someone hears about" Hell's Angels ", he automatically thinks of grouping of people which worship to a devil, make the sorties to destroy our property and to force our children. But how similar image of the biker in consciousness of the average person was generated? How many people know, what the name" Hell's Angels "is taken from film Howard Hughes of 1930 with the same name, and officers the armies which have come back home after World War II have based movement? The first known case байкерского violence has occurred in Holistere, staff Californy, (during time a bike-rally) on July, 4th, 1947. Some bikers who have taken superfluous, have lost over themselves control and began to drive on streets. Soon others have joined them also and then already to supervise a situation wasn't real. After occurrence of messages on it state of emergency in a press, magnates of the film industry have quickly let out a film "Savage". In a film bikers were represented by ruthless people ready to destroy any city which will get to them on way which drink, how many will get, all try to transform into chaos and address with the population how him will like. Soon after a tape exit some representatives байкерской cultures began to live, imitating the image created by a film. Since then image of the biker became more and more negative. It is sad that separate representatives байкерской cultures promoted deterioration of this image. Bikers began to consider as cocky people which on all to spit which do that is pleasant to them when they will wish and how they would like. This image began to involve people who wanted to be such - rebels and teases which to spit on all the others. Today's image of the biker a little than differs, but in it bikers are guilty also. Bikes-festivals are similar one to another: a standard set of competitions during which time all get drunk to unconsciousness. On one of Show Hell's Angels in Walkerville I saw, how one guy has got drunk to such degree that went, has broken a forehead about a tree, has stopped and has started to make to a tree the apologies. Bikers try to be the sociable and unchained people. Them a little that interests, except the motorcycles, places for driving and speed. There are also exceptions, for example, children who go by RAT-motorcycles, try, that on road of their baize were the dirtiest, not most well-groomed and the most disgusting among all the others. If you the biker you are a part of international culture irrespective of, to what club you belong. Bikers like to be free from the authorities and don't like to receive orders from somebody, probably for this reason байкерские festivals so often come to an end with a general dump. Belief of the biker the Biker trusts in two things - in itself and in the motorcycle. It, however, can become a problem when the bike brings the owner. The whole world and all frame of reference in that case falls. Bikers, as a rule, atheists though is also such which worship to a devil, and such which are Christians. In summary, it would be desirable to notice the conclusion that bikers - cheerful people who want to be free from the authorities and rules, want to express freely themselves, and they want, that to them listened. Among them there are representatives of various social classes, and bikers accept each other such what they are actually.

What is the anarchy?

Bezgosudarstvennoe society — a society which is not operated the state. Anarchy is a version of such society where besides the state there is no hierarchy, including ethnic, economic, religious, ideological and sexual. However even if any безгосударственное the society isn't strictly speaking anarchy, usually in such societies all the same there is no power concentration and if such power is she is limited. Having the power in such society usually doesn't keep her long, and the public mechanisms existing for decision-making or a resolution of conflicts, are small enough. The economic organization and cultural norms in such societies it is very separated. The most part of human history people lived in безгосударственных societies. In the modern world безгосударственные societies also exist, though the various states try to assimilate such societies very much.

History a culture punk rock

It is accepted to name the Punk rock of 60th years «garage fate». He has appeared in the USA in 1964 where under impression Beatles and Rolling Stones there was a large quantity of local ensembles. That they played, considerably varied depending on regions, local musical traditions, but in осном it there was a mix of blues, white national motives with elements of homebrew music скиффл. Value of this event is difficult for overestimating — for the first time from the end of 50th years the American youth had "a" music. Respectable also it is made harmless good children of type of Bobbi Vi or Anka's Floor for whom firms грамзаписи have changed rebels-fates-n-rolshchikov on a boundary of 60th years, having been frightened, as though rock revolution hasn't gone too far, have been immediately forgotten. They have conceded the positions of idols of youth to a dashing pressure of the fresh energy, woken in young hearts spirit of freedom of thoughts and actions. After couple of years this powerful All-American movement was included into a rock music under the aforementioned name of "garage fate». Whence there was such strange name? All speaks very simply: amateur groups rehearsed basically in garages — more they simply had no place to disappear.« Garage »punks sang in the pleasure, didn't build mercantile plans and were known only among the relatives, friends and neighbors. Their creative searches answered inquiries not mass, but local audience (school, college, area). Among hundreds nonprofessional ensembles of those years two ten written down on studio at least one phonograph record will hardly probable be typed. But they have found self-expression in music, have felt possibility to be liberated from put by a society and parents закомплексованности, at least for a short while to become by itself and consequently put in products all collected the feelings, all soul. Today to judge« garage fate »it is possible only on few escaped records of those years. Nevertheless the era of pank groups of 60th years absolutely ignored by show business was short. It speaks fast growth of number of musical groups and expansion of borders of a rock music, transition to progressive fate, and also the searches of new styles developed just during this period and directions which have been predetermined by prompt progress in the field of the musical and sound recording technics. By the end of 1967 all pank groups in the USA either have broken up, or have appeared involved in other musical currents. Further, to the middle of 70th years of the current ideologically close to garage fate, didn't exist. However the aspiration to play a simple, aggressive rock music with elements of shocking didn't leave separate representatives of youth subculture, those to whom amateur бескомпромиссность garage fate has pleased. And grains of this style have appeared are generously scattered across all America. Shoots, truth, have appeared only in places: in New York, Chicago, Detroit where in second half 60th years there were groups MC5, Velvet Underground and Iggy Pop, the Stooges. The torch which lit «гаражниками» and has been carried by through 60 in 70 Iggi by the Priest, quite intelligent young men from New York pick up in 1973-1974. They gather in the evenings in two clubs — «CBGB» and «Max’s Kansas City». The punk became reaction «generations without the future» not only on hard living conditions and impossibility of full realization of spiritual forces, but simultaneously with it and potrebitelsko-petty-bourgeois essence on an intensification of political and information-technological processes. Very quickly he has turned to the protest-form, approaching for any collisions on any soil: ideological, social, musical. So, the background of a punk rock has ended. The second rock revolution on November, 6th, 1975 has begun. This day in London in College of arts of Sacred Martin the first public statement of ensemble with causing name Sex Pistols has taken place. The nonconformism of a rock'n'roll has already been forgotten for a long time. увязли in tons of electrotools and other equipment, their opuses in house conditions it was impossible to reproduce rock ensembles, as once songs Beatles or Rolling Stones. Rock musicians 70 of Yes, Genesis, Deep Purple, Leed Zeppeling, Pink Floyd have turned to businessmen and lived in private residences, drove about in limousines under protection of bodyguards. At them any more doesn't remain things in common with youth, 12-minute guitar solo or a disco-dances under a soundtrack had no relation to street teenagers or the young unemployed. To It the punk also has suggested to create the own alternative world of a rock music which doesn't demand tens thousand dollars on purchase of expensive equipment, doesn't need contracts with the solid sound recording companies, isn't interested in sale of plates in million circulations. Everything that is required to this amateur performance, — pair of cheap guitars yes shock installation: Everyone, possessing the minimum musical abilities (though also it is unessential), can organize ensemble under a roof of own house. The festival, last 20/21 of September, 1976 in the London club «100» became a mark in formation of the British punk rock. By this time leader Sex Pistols Johnny Lajdon already took to itself Johnny Rotten's pseudonym (English Rotten — rotted through) and number 1 »has turned in« the enemy of the public, becoming simultaneously the leader of "the lost generation». The best examples of business activity in pank movement are visible at a sight at his musical party. The Punk rock differs from standard fate ’ н ’ a beater not only a sound, the maintenance of songs and style of execution, but also how groups run the of business and communicate with public. In pank movement there is no cult of "rock stars", and the groups, wishing to receive great sums of money for the concerts and records, are constantly criticized and exposed. Such position goes back to occurrence of the punk when movement was small, and thought to earn many money for music seemed ridiculous, unrealizable dream. Members of groups didn't differ from public belief, frequently, skill. A group Punk rock «pushed other people to creation of own groups is was attempt to destroy a traditional barrier between the executor and public. Any could be a star, and anybody her wasn't!» . Everything that was necessary for pank group creation is an equipment and desire. Pank commands traditionally help suit each other concerts in other cities, to organize rounds, to let out records and etc. Here actually there is no competition, except for some groups, which regularly "are on sale" to receive more money and to involve more publics. Pank groups aspire to play concerts only with each other because have similar representations about cooperation and don't aspire to a competition that so is extended in musical business. The Dutch pank group The Ex gives the description of one of the usual concerts where there are no troubles concerning "the main" and "warming up" commands because each group is equally important. All come to the rescue each other if it is necessary to borrow equipment, and fairly distribute money. All it sounds very simply and naturally, but in rock culture such position seems something outstanding. That is why punks dislike the rock stars especially "alternative". Such alternative rock stars are groups or members of groups which once had the ideas close to the punk or which were punks. Their crime usually consists in transition from a small independent label on the large corporate sound recording company (CBS, EMI, Epic and etc.) to receive more money and fans. Many of these groups think that the purpose (attraction большей audiences) justifies means (transformation into a mejdzhor-label part). This thought is often rejected and condemned in the punk movement.